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This course offers a rigorous yet accessible introduction to how modern financial markets work. It begins by explaining why financial markets exist, the problems they solve, and their role in channelling savings into productive investment. Learners are then introduced to the main types of securities and market structures, including equity, debt, money, and capital markets. A dedicated module on equity instruments and the trading process demystifies order types, price discovery, and how trades are executed in practice. The course then explores government securities and derivatives, highlighting how they are used for funding, investment, and risk management. A module on market efficiency examines how information is reflected in prices and what this implies for investors and trading strategies. Finally, the course looks at regulation, technology, and market infrastructure, covering topics such as oversight, transparency, electronic and algorithmic trading, and how innovation is reshaping today’s markets. Overall, the course equips students with a clear conceptual framework and practical understanding of the instruments, institutions, and mechanisms that drive financial markets.
