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Explore the fascinating world of neutron stars in this comprehensive lecture that traces their journey from theoretical predictions in the 1930s to modern astronomical discoveries. Delve into the liquid interiors of these extreme celestial objects and discover how recent observational breakthroughs are revolutionizing our understanding of neutron star composition. Learn about the detection of exceptionally heavy neutron stars exceeding 2.0 solar masses, examine data from the NICER telescope's simultaneous mass and radius measurements, and investigate the groundbreaking observations of binary neutron star mergers through both gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation. Understand the theoretical advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that explain how nuclear matter transitions to deconfined quark matter within neutron star cores, enabling these objects to support such extreme masses. Gain insights into modern quark-hadron crossover equations of state and discover how the convergence of observational data and theoretical developments is ushering in a new era of neutron star physics, providing unprecedented insights into the most extreme states of matter in the universe.
