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Explore the intricate molecular arrangements within crystals through optical and electron diffraction techniques in this 57-minute Christmas lecture from The Royal Institution. Discover how John Meurig Thomas reveals crystal architecture using physical models and computer software to demonstrate the vast variety of molecule arrangements and their connection to function, particularly in proteins. Learn how scientists accelerate and bombard crystals with electrons or light to obtain diffraction patterns that provide crucial information for reconstructing molecular positions within crystal structures. Witness a live X-ray diffraction demonstration using Egyptian Blue pigment, where follow-up analysis reveals the pigment's constituents based on the generated diffraction pattern. Understand the fundamental principles linking crystal architecture to function while examining how these techniques have revolutionized our understanding of both natural and synthetic crystalline materials. This lecture forms part of a comprehensive six-part series exploring the science and applications of crystals and lasers, featuring key historical experiments and future possibilities in materials science, communications, medicine, environmental science, and energy research.
