Explore the fundamental concepts of estimands and estimation plans in this statistical modeling lecture that delves into the critical distinction between what you want to estimate (estimands) and how you plan to estimate it (estiplans). Learn how to clearly define your research questions and develop robust strategies for statistical inference, understanding the importance of separating the target of estimation from the method of estimation. Discover how proper identification of estimands helps avoid common pitfalls in statistical analysis and ensures that your modeling approach aligns with your research objectives. Examine practical examples that illustrate how different estimation plans can be applied to the same estimand, and understand why this conceptual framework is essential for rigorous statistical thinking and reproducible research.