Humerus Anatomy - Landmarks, Surfaces and Clinical Notes

Explore the comprehensive anatomy of the humerus, the long bone of the upper arm that connects the shoulder to the elbow joint. Learn about the detailed structure of the proximal humerus including the head, anatomical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus, and surgical neck, along with their clinical significance and muscle attachment points. Discover how the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid muscles attach to specific landmarks on the proximal end. Examine the shaft anatomy featuring the radial groove, deltoid tuberosity, nutrient foramen, and various surfaces and borders, while understanding the clinical implications of midshaft fractures and radial nerve injury leading to wrist drop. Study the distal humerus structures including the medial and lateral epicondyles, supracondylar ridges, ulnar nerve groove, and articular surfaces like the trochlea and capitulum that form the elbow joint. Master the coronoid fossa, radial fossa, and olecranon fossa and their roles in elbow flexion and extension mechanics. Understand critical clinical concepts such as surgical neck fractures, axillary nerve injury, radial nerve palsy, ulnar nerve entrapment, tennis elbow, and golfer's elbow, supported by detailed anatomical illustrations and references to authoritative sources including Gray's Anatomy and Complete Anatomy software.