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Swayam

Structural Geology Practicals (Basic)

via Swayam

Overview

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ABOUT THE COURSE:Understanding the deformation of Earth's crust is the key to unravel geological history and predicting subsurface structures. Identification and analyses of these structures are crucial for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of the deformed crust. This 12-week online course is designed to equip B.Sc. and M.Sc. students of Earth System Sciences and related disciplines with essential skills in structural geology through a hands-on, application-based approach. From measuring structural features to stereographic projections, fault and fold analysis, contour mapping, and geological map interpretation, this course provides a step-by-step guide to master the fundamental techniques used in geological fieldwork and fundamental research. Through interactive exercises, real-world case studies, and visualization techniques, students will develop the analytical skills needed to solve complex structural geology problems. Whether you're an aspiring geologist, geophysicist, mining geologist or geo-engineer, this course will enhance your ability to interpret geological structures with confidence. This course will also enhance the ability of industry personnel from mineral exploration, oil, gas and hydrocarbon industries. All the topics will be introduced with a minimum of mathematical complexity unless they are essential to the understanding of physical principles. This course of ~12 weeks will primarily focus on the basics and introductory level understanding of the methods and their application. However, interactive exercises will be also demonstrated for the advanced level understanding of the practical methods. TEACHING ASSISTANTS: Mr. Aishwarya Mohan Banaras Hindu University Mr. Aishwarya Mohan is a Senior Research Fellow (UGC-Fellow) in the Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and a member of Laboratory for the Analysis of Magnetic and Petrofabric (LAMP-BHU) in BHU, Varanasi. His research in his doctoral degree is focused on Structural Geology & regional tectonics, Archean Tectonics,Rheology of partially molten rock, Kinematics of rock deformation, Processes of shear zone localisation & Shear zone kinematics. He is pursuing his doctoral work and is actively engaged in the formulation, development and running of this course. Mr. Ram Pratap Singh Tomar Banaras Hindu University Ram Pratap Singh Tomar is a Senior Research Fellow (MoES-Fellow) in the Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and a member of Laboratory for the Analysis of Magnetic and Petrofabric (LAMP-BHU) in BHU, Varanasi. His research in his doctoral degree is focused on Structural Geology & tectonics, Proterozoic Tectonics,Kinematics of rock deformation, Geochemistry and Stable Isotope studies of exotic rocks, Shear zone kinematics. He is pursuing his doctoral work and is actively engaged in the formulation, development and running of this course. INTENDED AUDIENCE:B.E., B.Tech. or M.Tech. Civil Engineering, Reservoir Engineering & Mining Engineering/ B.Sc. Geology/ M.Sc., M.Sc.(Tech) or M.Tech in Geology, Applied Geology & Geophysics/ B.A., M.A. or M.Sc. Geography/ M.Sc. in Cartography or Geospatial & Mapping sciences/ M. Sc., B.E., B.Tech., M.Tech., M.Sc.(Tech.) in Petroleum Geosciences & Mineral Exploration. U.G./P.G./Ph.D./ Industry Professionals related to Geology, Geophysics, Cartography, Mining, Energy & Power sector, Exploration geosciences & Civil EngineeringPREREQUISITES:Basic geological knowledge along with 10+2 level concepts.INDUSTRY SUPPORT:Natural Hazard Assessment & Mitigation; Hydrocarbon Exploration and Mining Industries; Mineral Exploration; Well Logging & Core Assessment; Ground water exploration and management; Construction of Dam, Tunnel, Bridge; etc.

Syllabus

Week 1- Introduction to structural features and methods of measurements

Lecture 1: Structural Geology Practicals: An Overview

Lecture 2: Topographic Map & its features

Lecture 3: Structural elements in 3D & 2D

Lecture 4: Compass: Working Principle & Types

Lecture 5: Introduction to Map Notations

Week 2- Understanding of scale and calculations of various structural parameters from graphical method.

Lecture 1: Concept of scale and structural parameters

Lecture 2: Indexing of Toposheets & Open Series Maps (OSM) - I

Lecture 3: Indexing of Toposheets & Open Series Maps (OSM) - II

Lecture 4: Demonstration of Clinometer and Brunton compass

Lecture 5: Graphical problems related to thickness of outcrops & beds - I (Relation b/w Tv, Tt, Dip & W; from Trigonometry and in case of Horizontal and Sloping grounds)

Lecture 6: Graphical problems related to thickness of outcrops & beds - II (Relation b/w Tv, Tt, Dip & W; in case of Sloping grounds)

Week 3- Attitude calculations from graphical method and Three-point problems.

Lecture 1: Orthographic Problems for determination of Strike & Dip - I

Lecture 2: Orthographic Problems for determination of Strike & Dip - II

Lecture 3: Orthographic Problems for determination of Strike & Dip - III

Lecture 4: Three Point Problems - I

Lecture 5: Three Point Problems - II

Lecture 6: Three Point Problems - III

Week 4- Stereographic projections and plotting techniques of various structural parameters.

Lecture 1: Introduction to Stereographic Projection

Lecture 2: Plotting Plane & Lines

Lecture 3: Exercises related to Stereographic Projection - I

Lecture 4: Exercises related to Stereographic Projection - II

Lecture 5: Exercises related to Stereographic Projection - III

Lecture 6: Exercises related to Stereographic Projection - IV

Week 5- Stereographic projection of poles, β-, π- diagrams & contouring of structural dataset.

Lecture 1: Beta vs. Pi Diagrams - I

Lecture 2: Beta vs. Pi Diagrams - II

Lecture 3: Plotting of Beta & Pi Diagrams - I

Lecture 4: Plotting of Beta & Pi Diagrams - II

Lecture 5: Contouring of Structural Data using Counting Nets (Dimitrijevic & Kalsbeek Nets)

Week 6- Dimension calculations, analysis of fault offsets and estimation of paleostress directions.

Lecture 1: Folds: An Overview

Lecture 2: Faults & Joints: An Overview

Lecture 3: Dimension Calculations & Analyses of Fault Offset - I

Lecture 4: Dimension Calculations & Analyses of Fault Offset - II

Lecture 5: Dimension Calculations & Analyses of Fault Offset - III

Lecture 6: Estimation of Paleostress directions using Stereonet

Week 7- Attitude calculations in drill holes and rotation problems related to primary & secondary structures.

Lecture 1: Rotation of Planes and Lines

Lecture 2: Rotation of Planes & Lines: 2 vertical drill-holes with a marker bed

Lecture 3: Rotation of Planes & Lines: 3 inclined drill-holes with core-bedding angles

Lecture 4: Rotation exercises related to primary structures

Lecture 5: Rotation exercises related to secondary structures

Week 8- Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of folds.

Lecture 1: Block diagrams of outcrops related to Folds - I

Lecture 2: Block diagrams of outcrops related to Folds - II

Lecture 3: Block diagrams of outcrops related to Folds - III

Lecture 4: Block diagrams of outcrops related to Folds - IV

Lecture 5: Block diagrams of outcrops related to Folds - V

Week 9- Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of faults.

Lecture 1: Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of faults - I

Lecture 2: Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of faults - II

Lecture 3: Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of faults - III

Lecture 4: Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of faults - IV

Lecture 5: Block diagrams for geometrical analysis of faults - V

Week 10- Introduction to principles of map interpretation and construction of topographical & geological cross-sections.

Lecture 1: Rule of ‘V’s

Lecture 2: Basic rules of map interpretation

Lecture 3: Identification of geological structures in maps - I

Lecture 4: Identification of geological structures in maps - II

Lecture 5: Construction of Topographical Profile & Geological cross-section for Horizontal strata

Lecture 6: Construction of Topographical Profile & Geological cross-section for Homoclinal sequence

Week 11- Interpretation of Maps with various structural elements & discontinuities and construction of their geological cross-sections - I.

Lecture 1: Three-point problems in maps & related Outcrop Completion

Lecture 2: Outcrop completion from partial exposures in maps

Lecture 3: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for maps with Fault

Lecture 4: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for maps with Fault & Unconformity

Lecture 5: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for maps with Folds

Lecture 6: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for maps with Fold & Fault

Week 12- Interpretation of Maps with various structural elements & discontinuities and construction of their geological cross-sections - II.

Lecture 1: Completion of maps from mapped sporadic outcrops on a flat terrain

Lecture 2: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for maps with multiple discontinuities

Lecture 3: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for maps with Unconformity & Thrust

Lecture 4: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for flat-topography maps with Unconformity & Reverse Faults

Lecture 5: Interpretation & construction of cross-sections for flat-topography maps with 2 generations of folds & Thrust

Lecture 6: A synopsis of Map Interpretation

Taught by

Dr. Sayandeep Banerjee

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