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Overview

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This course introduces the fundamentals of electrical measurements, covering various types of measuring instruments, common errors, and calibration techniques. It emphasizes the measurement of AC and DC voltage, current, power, and energy. Students gain detailed knowledge of determining circuit parameters—resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C)—using different measurement methods. The course also explores specialized instruments such as the Earth Tester, Digital Multimeter, LCR Meter, Frequency Meters (ferromagnetic and Weston types), Phase Sequence Indicator, and Power Factor Meter. In addition, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the construction, working principles, and applications of advanced instruments like the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO), Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), Function Generator, and Signal Generator. Through both theoretical and practical perspectives, the course equips learners with essential skills in precision measurement, data interpretation, and instrument handling, forming a solid foundation for advanced electrical engineering studies.

Syllabus

Week 1: Fundamentals of Measurements: Measurement: Significance, units, fundamental quantities and standards, Classification of Instrument Systems: Null and deflection type instruments, Absolute and secondary instruments, Analog and digital instruments

Week 2: Static and dynamic characteristics, types of errors, Calibration: need and procedure, Classification of measuring instruments: indicating, recording and integrating instruments. Essential requirements of an indicating instruments

Week 3: Measurement of voltage and current: DC Ammeter: Basic, Multi range, Universal shunt, DC Voltmeter: Basic, Multi-range, concept of loading effect and sensitivity

Week 4: AC voltmeter: Rectifier type (half wave and full wave), CT and PT: construction, working and applications. Clamp-on meter.

Week 5: Measurement of Electric Power: Analog meters: Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) and Permanent magnet moving iron (PMMI) meter, their construction, working, salient features, merits and demerits

Dynamometer type wattmeter: Construction and working

Week 6: Range: Multiplying factor and extension of range using CT and PT, Errors and compensations.

Active and reactive power measurement: One, two and three wattmeter method. Effect of Power factor on wattmeter reading in two wattmeter method. Maximum Demand indicator

Week 7 Single and three phase electronic energy meter: Constructional features and working principle.

Errors and their compensations. Calibration of single-phase electronic energy meter using direct loading.

Week 8: Measurement of resistance: Low resistance: Kelvin’s double bridge, Medium Resistance: Voltmeter and ammeter method, High resistance: Megger and Ohm meter: Series and shunt, Measurement of inductance using Anderson bridge, Measurement of capacitance using Schering bridge

Week 9: Other meters: Earth tester, Digital Multimeter; L-C-R meter, Frequency meter (ferromagnetic and Weston type), Phase sequence indicator, power factor meter (single phase and three phase dynamometer type), Synchro scope, Tri-vector meter

Week 10: Single beam/single trace CRO, Digital storage Oscilloscope: Basic block diagram, working, Cathode ray tube, electrostatic deflection, vertical amplifier, time base generator, horizontal amplifier, measurement of voltage/ amplitude/ time period/ frequency/ phase angle delay line, specifications. Signal generator, Function generator.