Cryogenic Electronics for Quantum Computing

NPTEL via Swayam

Go to class Write review

ABOUT THE COURSE:This lecture series starts with basics of MOS Device Structure and Physics followed by Cryogenics at Device level and further leads to its implication on Circuit level. The intermediate journey takes the student to Modelling of Cryo-device, and Quantum Qubits and Architecture of Interface Configurable Hardware Components. One of the salient features of the lectures are its synthesis or design-oriented approach, which helps the student to find the solution to generic problems for certain specs of input data and output requirements. Problem solving in the class and through assignments are essential for getting a ‘hold’ on the subject. This lecture series takes care of the same. I believe that the students/learners will be greatly benefitted by this experience.INTENDED AUDIENCE: Undergraduate (Final year- Elective) /Postgraduate/PhD/ VLSI Industry Working ProfessionalPREREQUISITES: 1. Basic Mathematics 2. Basic semiconductorINDUSTRY SUPPORT: TCAD and EDA Companies, Semiconductor companies such as NXP, Cadence, IBM

Syllabus

Week 1:Foundation of Quantum Mechanics
Class 1:Principles of Quantum Mechanics- Energy Quanta, Wave–Particle Duality, The Uncertainty PrincipleClass 2:Schrodinger’s Wave Equation, Extension of the Wave Theory to Atoms,Class 3:Allowed and Forbidden Energy Bands-Formation of Energy Bands, The Kronig–Penney Model, K Space DiagramClass 4:Electrical Conduction in Solids-The Energy Band and the Bond Model, Drift Current, Electron Effective MassClass 5:Density of States Function (as a function of Temperature), Statistical Mechanics- The Fermi Dirac Probability Function (as a function of Temperature), The Distribution Function and the Fermi Energy, Quasi Fermi Level
Week 2:Basic MOS Device Physics
Class 1:Basic MOSFET Structure, symbol and working as a SwitchClass 2:MOSFET Operation- Depletion, Accumulation and InversionClass 3:MOSFET I/V Characteristics- threshold voltage, I/V Characteristics, TransconductanceClass 4:Second-Order Effects – (a) Body EffectClass 5:Second Order Effects- (b) Channel Length Modulation, (c) Subthreshold Conduction

Week 3:Cryogenic Electronics
Class 1:Introduction to Cryogenics in ElectronicsClass 2:Cryogenic Coolant/Fluids usedClass 3:Transition in Properties of materials with variation in TemperatureClass 4:Semiconductor devices at Room Temperature@300 KClass 5:Semiconductor devices at Low Temperature@ below 150 K and 77K
Week 4:Analysis of Device Physics at Low Temperature
Class 1:Change in Bandgap at Low TemperatureClass 2:Change in Intrinsic Carrier concentrationClass 3:Lowering in the level of Fermi EnergyClass 4:Effect of Freeze-out on dopant atom concentrationClass 5:Complete Effect of Overall Phenomenon
Week 5:Modelling of Cryo-MOS Device
Class 1:Introduction to Modelling of Cryo-MOS DeviceClass 2:Device Performance Modelling at Cryogenic TemperaturesClass 3:Semiconductor Device Equations at Low TemperatureClass 4:Incomplete Ionization ModelsClass 5:Mobility Models: Scattering effect
Week 6:Impact of Cryogenic Temperature on MOS Device Physics
Class 1:Change in Threshold VoltageClass 2:Effect on MobilityClass 3:Effect on leakage and saturation currentClass 4:Kink-observed at higher VDS due to Impact IonizationClass 5:Subthreshold Swing and Transconductance
Week 7:Variability in Cryogenic based device
Class 1:Introduction to MOS CapacitanceClass 2:Traps and Defects at Cryogenic TemperaturesClass 3:C-V Characteristics: High-Frequency and Low Frequency CapacitanceClass 4:Characterization TechniquesClass 5:Cryogenic MOS Capacitance ModelingClass 6:Noise Performance and Flicker Noise
Week 8:Cryo-CMOS Configurable Hardware Components
Class 1:Cryo-ADCClass 2:Cryo-Low Noise AmplifiersClass 3:Multiplexers and CirculatorsClass 4:Cryo-OscillatorsClass 5:Cryo-Power Management Circuits and Sensors and Sensor InterfacesClass 6:Cryo-Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs)
Week 9:Quantum Qubits And Architecture of Quantum Computers
Class 1:Introduction to QubitsClass 2:Properties of QubitsClass 3:Architecture of Quantum ComputersClass 4:Interfacing Quantum Processor with Classical ControllersClass 5:Quantum Gates and OperationsClass 6:Quantum Entanglement and Quantum Communication

Week 10:Cryo-CMOS Configurable Hardware Components
Class 1:Single Qubit SystemClass 2:Extension to multi-Qubit systemsClass 3:Multiplexing DC and I/O signal for 4 qubitsClass 4:Multiplexing techniques based on FDMA, TDMA, SDMAClass 5:Future trends –Number of Qubits required?Class 6:Quantum Gate Operations and Quantum Circuits
Week 11:Sensing/ Metrology
Class 1:Introduction to Quantum Metrology- Mathematical FoundationClass 2:Quantum Sensing and it’s real world applicationClass 3:Challenges to Metrology and SensingClass 4:SPADS- Single-Photon Avalanche Diode SensorsClass 5:Challenges to Quantum TechnologyClass 6:Quantum Information Processing in Sensing and Metrology
Week 12:Methodologies for Sensing
Class 1:Qubit readout front-end circuits for (a) Spin qubitClass 2:Qubit readout front-end circuits for (b) Transmon qubitClass 3:Sensing the Qubits- Optical TechniqueClass 4:Sensing the Qubits- Microwave TechniqueClass 5:Recapitulation