Overview

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This course explores the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of galaxies across the observable universe. Learners will examine how galaxies form and evolve, distinguish between normal and active galaxies, and investigate the evidence for supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies. The course also explains how astronomers use observations across the electromagnetic spectrum, gravitational lensing, and gravitational waves to study some of the most energetic phenomena in the cosmos. By the end of the course, learners will be able to explain the unified model of active galaxies, evaluate the role of black holes in galaxy evolution, and describe the large-scale structure of the universe, including galaxy clusters, superclusters, filaments, and voids. Learners will also explore how quantum fluctuations in the early universe gave rise to the Cosmic Web observed today. What makes this course unique is its combination of observational astronomy, cosmology, and modern astrophysics. Drawing on discoveries from telescopes such as Hubble and JWST, the course connects cutting-edge research with the physical processes that shape galaxies and the universe on the largest scales.

Syllabus

The birth, life and death of galaxies

Explore how our view of the universe expanded beyond the Milky Way, beginning with Edwin Hubble’s discovery of other galaxies. You’ll learn how galaxies form from the early universe, grow through mergers, and evolve over time. The module traces their full life cycle, from active star formation to “dead” galaxies, and considers what their ultimate fate might be.

Active galaxies

Focus on the small but powerful fraction of galaxies known as active galaxies. You’ll discover why observing across the full electromagnetic spectrum is essential to understanding them, and how their behaviour changes over time. This module introduces the main types of active galaxies and what distinguishes them.

The AGN model and gamma-ray bursts

Investigate the engines powering active galaxies. You’ll explore the idea that supermassive black holes drive enormous energy output through jets, and how viewing angle explains different galaxy types. The module also connects this model to some of the most extreme events in the universe, including gamma-ray bursts.

Black holes and galaxy formation

Examine the central role of black holes in shaping galaxies. You’ll see how they influence star formation by injecting energy into their surroundings, and how they are linked to galaxy growth. This module highlights the deep connection between black holes and the evolution of cosmic structure.

Large scale structure in the universe

Zoom out to the biggest structures in the cosmos. Using data from large astronomical surveys, you’ll explore the cosmic web, a vast network of galaxies and gas. This module shows how these structures form, how they help explain missing matter, and how they support our current models of the universe.