Learning SQL is one of the most essential tasks for anyone working with relational databases. SQL proficiency is critical for business users, database developers, database administrators, and all other database professionals. This course introduces the fundamentals of SQL and the Oracle Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), helping you understand the differences between traditional on-premise database installations and Oracle's cloud-based database service platform. The course covers intermediate-level SQL topics, including writing database queries using SQL-99 syntax and leveraging built-in functions to extend SQL capabilities.
Since SQL is an industry-standard language, the skills and knowledge you acquire will apply to other database platforms, including Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2, and open-source databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL.
This course employs a unique approach to SQL training by integrating data modeling theory, relational database theory, graphical representations of theoretical concepts, and numerous examples of actual SQL syntax into a comprehensive learning experience.
You will learn to complete application schema definitions by creating database objects such as relational views, sequences, synonyms, indexes, and other supporting structures to complement table definitions. The course emphasizes data integrity protection through declarative constraints, a crucial aspect of database design and implementation.
This course moves beyond theoretical learning to explore practical, real-world considerations, including database object security and database performance optimization.
Note
This course content applies to Oracle Database versions 12c, 18c, and 19c.
Target Audience:
The target audience for this course includes all Oracle professionals, both business and systems professionals. Specific groups who will benefit from this training include:
- Business and non-IT professionals
- Application designers and database developers
- Business Intelligence (BI) analysts and consumers
- Database administrators
- Web server administrators
Certification:
This course and subsequent courses in this series address topics applicable to the Oracle Database Certified SQL Expert certification. The material covers subjects included in Exam 1Z0-047: Oracle Database: SQL Certified Expert.
Course Objectives:
The first portion of this course examines the logical models on which relational databases are built and the various configurations and environments for working with Oracle Database. The next section focuses on actual SQL syntax for writing database queries, beginning with simple queries and progressing to moderately complex scenarios. Finally, the course covers the DDL, DML, and transaction control portions of SQL that enable you to create, maintain, and manipulate application database objects and data.
This course also demonstrates how to build intermediate-level and advanced queries using SQL-99 join syntax, along with other advanced query techniques. You will explore both ANSI/ISO and native Oracle SQL built-in functions and the tremendous power they provide to SQL operations. Production environments require liberal use of built-in functions, which enable work beyond primitive data types to include timestamps, time zones, and realistic date and time handling. Finally, you will learn to complete an application schema by creating database objects to complement table definitions. Production database applications require more than table and column definitions; you must create and manage views, indexes, constraints, and other object types.
Course Outline:
Relational Databases and Data Models
- About Data Models
- About the Relational Model
- The Electronics Data Model
- About the Relational DBMS
Selection and Setup of the Database Interface
- Considering Available Tools
- Selecting the Appropriate Tool
- Oracle Net Database Connections
- Oracle PaaS Database Connections
- Setup SQL Developer
- Setup SQL*PLUS
- Setup JDeveloper
Using the Database Interface
- About Bind and Substitution Variables
- Using SQL Developer
- Using SQL*PLUS
Introduction to the SQL Language
- About the SQL Language
- Characteristics of SQL
- Introducing SQL Using SELECT
- SQL Rules
The SELECT Statement
- The SELECT Statement
- DISTINCT and UNIQUE Keywords
- Using Alias Names
Restricting Results with the WHERE Clause
- About Logical Operators
- Equality Operator
- Boolean Operators
- REGEXP_LIKE Function
- IN Operator
Sorting Data with the ORDER BY Clause
- About the ORDER BY Clause
- Multiple Column Sorts
- Specify the Sort Sequence
- About NULL Values Within Sorts
- Using Column Aliases
Pseudo Columns, Functions, and Top-N Queries
- ROWID Pseudo Column
- ORA_ROWSCN Pseudo Column
- ROWNUM Pseudo Column
- About the Built-In Functions
- SYSDATE Function
- USER and UID Functions
- SESSIONTIMEZONE Function
- Using the DUAL Table
- Row Limiting and Top-N Queries
- FETCH FIRST x ROWS ONLY Clause
- OFFSET x ROWS Clause
- FETCH PERCENT Clause
- The WITH TIES Option
Joining Tables
- About Joins
- Inner Join
- Reflexive Join
- Non-Key Join
- Outer Join
Using the Set Operators
- About the Set Operators
- SQL Set Operator Examples
- UNION Example
- INTERSECT Example
- MINUS Example
- UNION ALL
Summary Functions and Sub-Queries
- Using Sub-Queries
- Finding Data with Sub-Queries
- Standard Sub-Queries
- Correlated Sub-Queries
- The EXISTS Operator
Aggregating Data Within Groups
- About Summary Groups
- Find Groups Within the Tables
- Select Data From the Base Tables
- Select Groups From the Results
Use DDL to Create and Manage Tables
- CREATE TABLE Statement
- Column Data Types
- NOT NULL Constraint
- DEFAULT Constraint
- DESCRIBE Command
- ALTER TABLE Statement
- DROP TABLE Statement
- Table DDL Using SQL Developer
- ALTER USER Statement
- ALTER SESSION Statement
- NLS_LANGUAGE Parameter
- NLS_DATE Parameter
Use DML to Manipulate Data
- The INSERT Statement
- The DELETE Statement
- The UPDATE Statement
- About Transactions
- Transaction Rollback
- Transaction Commit
- Transaction Savepoint
- The SET TRANSACTION Statement
- SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY Statement Rules
Understanding the Data Models
- The Company Data Model
- The Electronics Data Model
About the SQL-99 Standard
- SQL-92 and SQL-99
- CROSS Joins
- NATURAL Joins
- INNER Joins
- Implicit INNER Join
- OUTER Joins
- ANTI Joins
- NAMED Sub-Queries
Enhancing Groups with ROLLUP and CUBE
- Using ROLLUP
- The GROUPING Function
- Using CUBE
Using the CASE Expression
SQL Functions: Character Handling
- What Are the SQL Functions
- String Formatting Functions
- UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP Functions and Examples
- Character Codes Functions
- CHR and ASCII Functions and Examples
- Pad and Trim Functions
- RPAD, RTRIM, and TRIM Functions with Examples
- String Manipulation Functions
- DECODE, SUBSTR, INSTR, TRANSLATE, and REPLACE Functions with Examples
- String Comparison Functions
- LEAST Function and Example
- Phonetic Search Function
- SOUNDEX Function and Example
SQL Functions: Numeric Handling
- About the Numeric Data Functions
- GREATEST, ABS, ROUND, TRUNC, and SIGN Functions with Examples
- TO_NUMBER Function, Example, and Data Type Conversions
- NULL Values Functions
- NVL and NVL2 Functions with Examples
- NVL Function Example (Character)
- NVL Function Example (Numeric Loss of Data)
- NVL Function Example (Numeric Output)
- NVL2 Function Example
- COALESCE Function
- NULLIF Function
SQL Functions: Date Handling
- Date Formatting Functions
- TO_CHAR and TO_DATE Format Patterns
- TO_CHAR Examples
- TO_DATE Examples
- EXTRACT Function Example
- Date Arithmetic Functions
- MONTHS_BETWEEN Function Example
- ADD_MONTHS Function Example
- LAST_DAY Function Example
- NEXT_DAY Function Example
- TRUNC and ROUND Functions with Date Examples
- NEW_TIME Function Example
- About V$TIMEZONE_NAMES
- CAST Function and Time Zones
Database Objects: About Database Objects
- About Database Objects
- About Schemas
- Making Object References
Database Objects: Relational Views
- About Relational Views
- The CREATE VIEW Statement
- Why Use Views
- Accessing Views with DML
- Maintaining View Definitions
- ALTER VIEW
- DROP VIEW
- DDL Using SQL Developer
Database Objects: Indexes
- About Indexes
- CREATE and DROP INDEX Statements
- Indexes and Performance
- Data Dictionary Storage
Database Objects: Creating Other Objects
- About Sequences
- Referencing NEXTVAL
- Referencing CURRVAL
- Within the DEFAULT Clause
- ALTER SEQUENCE and DROP SEQUENCE
- ALTER SEQUENCE
- DROP SEQUENCE
- About Identity Columns
- CREATE TABLE GENERATED AS IDENTITY
- ALTER TABLE GENERATED AS IDENTITY
- START WITH LIMIT VALUE
- ALTER TABLE DROP IDENTITY
- About Synonyms
- CREATE and DROP SYNONYM Statements
- CREATE SYNONYM
- DROP SYNONYM
- Public Versus Private Synonyms
- CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION
Database Objects: Object Management Using DDL
- The RENAME Statement
- Tablespace Placement
- CREATE TABLE Tablespace
- The COMMENT Statement
- The TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
Database Objects: Security
- About Object Security
- GRANT Object Privileges
- REVOKE Object Privileges
- Object Privileges and SQL Developer
Data Integrity Using Constraints
- About Constraints
- NOT NULL Constraint
- NOT NULL Example
- CHECK Constraint
- UNIQUE Constraint
- PRIMARY KEY Constraint
- REFERENCES Constraint
- ON DELETE CASCADE Example
- ON DELETE SET NULL Example
- Constraints on Existing Tables
