Explore the fundamental processes driving genetic diversity within species in this 30-minute lecture by Guillaume Achaz from the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France. Delve into the mechanisms that contribute to the variation of genetic material within populations, examining factors such as mutation, recombination, gene flow, and natural selection. Gain insights into how these processes shape the genetic landscape of species over time and their implications for evolution and biodiversity. Presented at the prestigious Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, this talk offers a concise yet comprehensive overview of the key concepts in population genetics and molecular evolution.