Explore the challenges and opportunities presented by fermions in quantum information, chemistry, physics, and computer science through this Richard M. Karp Distinguished Lecture. Delve into James Whitfield's research on algebraic maps from fermionic to qubits and the role of single-particle orbitals in the complexity of the fermion ground state problem. Discover a new data structure and complexity results concerning adversarial selection of orbitals. Gain insights from Whitfield, an associate professor of physics at Dartmouth College, as he shares his expertise in fermions within quantum information, computational chemistry, and condensed matter physics. Learn about the significance of the Richard M. Karp Distinguished Lectures in celebrating the contributions of Simons Institute Founding Director Dick Karp to theoretical computer science.