In this 58-minute lecture, Associate Professor Svetlana A. Ikonnikova from the Technical University of Munich examines the financial viability of hydrogen-based synthetic fuels and low emission biofuels in decarbonizing the refinery industry. Analyze how emission regulations create incentives for investment in alternative fuels and understand the competition between various technologies, using European refineries as a case study. Discover the conditions under which hydrogen demand may grow to become a dominant energy input in refineries. Explore the economic and environmental trade-offs involved in transitioning refineries to low-carbon operations through examination of diverse variables. This Bureau of Economic Geology presentation provides valuable insights for those interested in sustainable energy transitions in energy-intensive industries.